一個獨立於人們認知世界的『以外世界』,在哲學家筆下,佔據了重要文獻,柏拉圖認為,世間存在著一個由形式和觀念組成的,客觀而普遍可靠的理念世 界。『理念世界』獨立於個別事物和人類意識之外永恆不變的實體,柏拉圖把物質世界稱為可見世界,而把理念世界稱為可知世界,兩個世界的關係 是:可知世界是可見世界的原型、原因;可見世界是可知世界的影子、摹本。
繼承柏拉圖哲學思想的亞里士多德,對物質世界有深入而細膩的詳述,而對理念世界,即非物質世界定義為『非物質存在』或『最高程度抽象的存在』,他認為必須超越物質世界才能體會非物質世界的存在。康德認爲實踐理性的現象世界是真實的,而本體(理念世界)只能用形而上學解決。
在宗教,以外的世界,與人的修為有密切關係,『天國』、『樂土』成為信徒們夢寐以求的烏托邦。天主/基督的信徒,死後直往天堂,回到天父去,而非信 徒則落地 獄。西方淨土,是佛教徒死後的歸宿,佛教的六道輪迴,即天、人、阿修羅、畜生、餓鬼、地獄,人死後依據個人的德行,投身那一道,再度輪迴,循環不息。
在佛教的經典中,隨了阿彌陀佛的『西方極樂世界』,還有藥師佛的『東方淨土琉璃世界』、圓覺經的『幻化世界』、華嚴經的『實踐世界』、涅槃經的『寂 滅世 界』、般若心經的『空性世界』……大家不妨想想,它們之間是否存在著矛盾?佛所指的『以外世界』到底是甚麼一回事呢?人們對未來充滿疑惑,不斷追 求美滿將來.包括今生以至來世,這種永無休止的追求欲望,是人的本質(佔有)的原動力,佛陀考慮眾生的需要,按個人的業力、品性,以果位次第等級別,宣說 多種法門以順應不同人心,其目的是引導眾生踏上覺悟之道。
人們的所謂客觀是指以大多數認同,多角度分析,以整體為依歸。在覺悟的『客觀世界』,沒有任何立場,沒有任何概念,沒有任何思考系統,在寂滅森然的萬象中,彼此間相依相聯,一切現象由前現象推動,再帶動後現象生起,因生果,果生因,重重無盡,圓融通達。
世間是相對的,你/我、人/神、對/錯、山/河、苦/樂、貧/富、有/無、任何事物不能單獨成立,而覺悟的『絕對世界』裡,既然無我的存在,其他的 又如何生 起呢?在無我的狀態下,世間的一切紛爭,都源於人的本質(佔有/追求)所推動,本質越強,貪嗔痴越旺盛,世間紛爭不斷。
相對世界是有其頑劣 的生命力,紛爭是必然現象,人們以自身出發,對立,抗爭,互相制衡,不斷求進,人的生存處境得以改善,殘酷歷史的回報,使人們走向和諧新世代。沒有獨立於 意識之外的『以外世界』,只有經過主觀意識的認知對象,天堂/地獄,塵世/涅槃,兩者非截然脫節,所謂『客觀或絕對世界』是覺悟後世間的本來面貌。
20/3/2010
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